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Objective This preliminary study aimed to investigate relevant factors of the metacognition of peri?menopausal women. Methods Total 66 perimenopausal women voluntarily participated in this study from October 2012 to July 2013. The Metacognitions Questionnaire 30-item version (MCQ-30) was used to assess metacognition from 5 di?mensions including cognitive confidence (F1), positive beliefs (F2), cognitive self-consciousness (F3), uncontrollability and danger (F4), and need to control thoughts (F5). Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was utilized to measure the person?ality characteristics such as the extraversion/introversion (E), neuroticism/stability (N), psychoticism/socialization (P), and lie (L). Depression and its 4 symptom components including core, cognitive, anxiety, and somatic symptoms were deter?mined by Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). The linear multiple stepwise regression were performed to analyze the relevant factors of each MCQ dimension. Results The education level (β’=-0.229, P=0.035), N score (β’=0.255, P=0.042), and L score (β’=-0.292, P=0.021) were related to F1. The education level (β’=-0.260, P=0.031) and N score (β’=0.248, P=0.039) were predictors of the dependent variable F2. The core depression symptom (β’=-0.251, P=0.037) and anxiety symptom (β’=-0.248, P=0.039) of SDS were negatively related to F3. Predictors of F4 were the body mass in?dex (β’=0.211, P=0.048) and L score (β’=0.511, P<0.0001). Only P score (β’=0.299, P=0.015) was related to F5. Con?clusion The metacognition level of perimenopausal women is affected by a variety of factors such as personality character?istics and education level, and low self-consciousness and lack of confidence to the cognitive process may be involved in the increased susceptibility to depression.
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Objective To explore the effects of amisulpride on the cognitive function in first-episode schizophrenia patients.Methods 64 patients in first-episode schizophrenia were divided into two groups randomly according to the method of tossing a coin,then treated with amisulpride or risperidone respectively for 12 weeks.The efficacy and adverse effect were evaluated with positive and negative scale (PANSS) and treatment emergent side effect scale (TESS) before treatment and after treatment for 2 weeks,4 weeks,8 weeks,12 weeks.Before and after treatment for 12 weeks,cognitive function of all the patients was blindly evaluated with Wechsler Scale-revised China (WMS-RC),Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST) and Trail Making test A and B.Results After 12-week treatment,statistical difference was found in amisulpride(44.7 ± 6.7) and risperidone (45.2 ± 7.4) groups (P ＜ 0.01).But no statistical difference was found between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).The cognitive function in firstepisode schizophrenia was damaged obviously.In two groups,the scores in recognize,association,comprehend,back a few and MQ of WMS and TAT-A,TAT-B were improved significantly after treatment for 12 weeks (P ＞ 0.05).These items of WCST were improved more remarkably than baseline (amisulpride (20.63 ± 13.06),(28.75 ± 15.72),(43.17 ±22.13),(3.62 ±2.21),P＜0.05; risperidone(20.41 ±13.82),(29.31 ± 16.12),(42.78 ± 21.42),(3.67 ± 2.32),P ＜ 0.05).The improvement in the scores of WCST were statistical difference compared with control group(P ＜ 0.05).But statistical difference was no found between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The study shows that the cognitive dysfunction in first-episode schizophrenia can be improved by amisulpride,and the efficacy was similar with risperidone.
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ObjectiveTo explore the effect of mental toughness level on positive and negative emotion and mental health in children with epilepsy.MethodsIn accordance with the International League against epilepsy and epilepsy syndrome in 1989 International Classification of young children with epilepsy,160 cases were sampled.Based on the Adolescent Resilience Scale ( HKRA ) score,according to the 27％ principles of delimitation,the patients were divided into high HKRA score group and low HKRA score group,43 cases in each group.Then positive emotions and negative affect scale (PANAS),mental health test (MHT) were applied to two groups.Results,Except family support dimension,the others HKRA dimension and total score were higher in female children with epilepsy than those in male patients,there was significant difference (P＜ 0.01 ).The positive affect score were higher in high HKRA score group than that of low HKRA group ; and negative emotion was significantly lower than that in low HKRA group (P＜ 0.01 ).Except physical symptom dimension,other dimensions and total score of HKRA in high HKRA score group were higher than those in low HKRA group,there was significant difference (P＜ 0.01 ).Children with epilepsy HKRA score was positive correlation with positive emotion score but negative correlation with negative affect scores (P ＜ 0.01 ) ; in addition to physical symptom,HKRA score and MHT score,and all the other dimensions were negatively related (P＜0.01 or 0.015).ConclusionThe mental toughness level are significantly related to children's epilepsy patients with positive and negative emotion and mental health status.A high level of mental toughness can increase positive emotional experience,and reduce the negative emotional experience of children with epilepsy.
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ObjectiveTo explore the correlation of resilience and coping style,subjective quality of life of young children of schizophrenia patients.Methods 120 adolescents whose parents were clearly diagnosed with schizophrenia wcrc chosen for the study.They were ranked according their performances by Resilience Scale for Adolescents.32 were classified into the group with high resilience and another 32 were assigned to the group with low resilience by applying the criteria that 27％ of the sample size should be differentiated.Then,children in highscore group and low-score group were administered by Simple Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ) and Children 's Subjective Quality of Life Questionnaire(ISLQ).ResultsResilience score of research group were lower than those of normal high school students(P＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ).The score and total score of SCSQ positive coping dimensionality of research group who had high resilience score were higher than those of low resilience score group(P ＜ 0.01 ) ;score of passive coping dimensionality were lower than those of low resilience score group (P ＜ 0.01 ).In addition to dimensionality of living environment,the score of dimensionality of cognitive and affective element and the total score of ISLQ of research group who had high resilience score were higher than those of low resilience score group.The total score of resilience was in significant by positive correlation with the total score of ISLQ,cognitive and affeetive element,the total score of SCSQ,the score of positive coping dimensionality.The total score of resilience was in negative correlation with the score of passive coping dimensionality (P ＜ 0.01 ) ;dimensionality of the target focus of resilience was not correlative with cognitive element of ISLQ,the score of negative coping dimensionality of SCSQ,scores of other dimensionality of resilience were in significant correlation with score of other dimensionality of ISLQ and SCSQ(P ＜ 0.01 or 0.05 ).ConclusionYoung children of schizophrenia have poor resilience; research group who has high resilience score adopts more positive coping and has better subjective quality of life ; resilience is positive correlation with positive coping and subjective quality of life.
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ObjectiveTo explore the personality traits of Han Chinese women with recurrent depression.MethodsAssessed by the Big Five Inventory (BFI),a comparison research was conducted between 118 Han Chinese women with recurrent depression and 65 sex,race and culture background matched health controls.Results Han Chinese women with recurrent depression scored lower in extraversion,conscientiousness and openness ( 17.93± 5.43,30.24 ± 5.94,30.03 ± 7.33 ) than matched controls ( 20.72 ± 3.79,31.94 ± 3.84,32.75 ± 5.32 ),while scored higher in neuroticism (21.38 ± 3.91) than the later one ( 27.57 ± 6.19 ).A binary logistic regression model,with group (case vs.control) as dependent variable and extroversion,conscientiousness,openness and neuroticism as independent variables,was built to assess each personality dimension's independent impact on recurrent depression.It came out to be that only extraversion ( OR =0.881,95％ CI =0.083-0.966,P=0.007) and neuroticism ( OR =1.225,95％ CI =1.134-1.323,P ＜ 0.01 ) were statistically significantly associated with recurrent depression ( P＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionIn the big five personality model,extraversion and neuroticism might act as independent personality traits to impact Han Chinese women with recurrent depression in a positive and negative way respectively.
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Objective To investigate the association of duration of untreated psychosis(DUP) and the gray matter volumes in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.Methods 39 patients with first-episode schizophrenia were divided into two groups according to DUP:long-DUP group and short-DUP group.All the subjects underwent T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging.After transformed with MRIcro software,all the images underwent standardization,segmentation,modulation and smoothing with Statistical Parametric Mapping 5 (SPM5) software.The gray matter volumes of the two groups underwent two-sample t-test with a Voxel-based morphometry (VBM)using SPM5 software.Results Long-DUP schizophrenic patients presented significantly reduced GM volume in the left thalamus(MNI:-6,-16,2;cluster=141 voxels)and the left temporal lobe(MNI:-46,-58,-6;cluster=69 Voxels),compared with short-DUP schizophrenic patients.Conclusion Delayed DUP may increase the loss of gray matter in schizophrenia.
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Objective To study the condition of benzodiazepines use in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) patients and the relationship with the first benzodiazepine(BZD) prescription.Methods 70 outpatients with GAD were investigated retrospectively and divided into either research group( n = 54, M21, F33; age (18 ～73)year) or control group( n= 16,M7,F9; age( 18 ～53)year) based on whether the first prescription included BZD or not.Results The duration and dose of BZD used in research group ( separately (9.7 ± 4.4) months, ( 1.6 ± 0.7 ) mg/d) were significantly higher than those in control group ( separately(2.3 ± 2.4) months, (0.9 ± 0.9 ) mg/d) (P＜0.01).The long-term use of BZD was positively related to whether the first prescription include BZD or not,patients' insomnia on first visit,the duration of follow-up and the dose of BZD,which showed significantly difference (P＜ 0.05 ).The standardized rates of long-term use of BZD and dependence in research group were significantly higher than those in control group (P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusion Prescribing BZD on the first visit is partly responsible for the long-term use of BZD and doctors should better be very careful of prescribing BZD on first visit.
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Objective To investigate the illness-related stigma in outpatients with chronic viral hepatitis B and C and its effects on interaction anxiousness and general self-efficacy.Methods Forty-eight patients with chronic hepatitis B ( CHB),41 patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and 29 healthy volunteers were enrolled.Hepatitis-related Stigma Questionnaire (HRSQ) produced by researchers was used to assess stigma in patients of both CHB and CHC.All patients and healthy volunteers were evaluated by Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS),General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES) and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ).Results Hepatitis-related stigma was common in both CHB and CHC.The most common positive items and their percentages of CHB and CHC were rejection in job seeking (81.2％,75.6％ ), keeping conditions about hepatitis secret (72.9％,75.6％ ),feeling discrimination in society (66.7％,56.1％ ) and rejection in mate selection (60.4％,61.0％ ),and the rarest ones and percentages were feeling lowest stress together with patients with the same disease (35.4％,31.7％ ) and being understood only by patients with the same disease (33.3％,26.8％ ).Differences of positive percentages of any items between CHB and CHC were not statistically significant (P ＞0.05 ).One-way ANOVA showed that difference of IAS scores among three groups of participants was not statistically significant ;and GSES score of CHB(2.41 ± 0.45 )was not statistically different from that of CHC (2.49 ±0.60 ),but they both were lower than that of healthy control (2.78 ± 0.52) (F=4.648,P =0.011 ).The multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that the item feeling much different from others of HRSQ entered the formula of CHB IAS score (B =4.861,adjustment R2 =0.106),and the item being understood only by patients with the same disease of HRSQ entered the formula of CHC IAS score (B =6.745,adjustment R2 =0.113);negative coping dimension score of SCSQ ( B =- 0.424),the item feeling discrimination in society ( B =-0.359) and feeling lowest stress together with patients with the same disease ( B =-0.274) entered the formula of CHB GSES score (adjustment R2 =0.280).Conclusion Illness-related stigma is common in outpatients with chronic viral hepatitis,which probably raises patients' interaction anxiousness and weakens the general selfefficacy of patients with hepatitis B and C.
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Purpose To investigate the influence of interpersonal relationship sensitivity on anxiety and depression emotion and subjective well-being for young adults epileptic patients.Methods 87 young adults epileptic patients were divided into interpersonal relationship sensitive group ( study group) and normal group ( control group),according to sensitivity factor ≥ 3 in the symptom checklist(SCL-90).Self-rating anxiety scale ( SAS),self-rating depression scale (SDS) and general well-being scale (GWB) were then established and analyzed.Results The scores on interpersonal relationship sensitivity factor of the study group and control group were 3.64 ±0.51 and 2.73 ± 0.43,respectively,which had remarkable difference ( t =8.91,P ＜ 0.01 ).There were 47 patients with interpersonal relationship sensitivity among the 87 patients,accounting for 54.02％.The scores on SDS and SAS of the study group were higher than control group (P＜0.01 ).The scores on GWB of the study group was significantly lower than the control group (P＜0.01).The scores on GWB of the study group,reflecting the factors about health,energy,satisfaction and interest to life,depression and happy emotion,and relax and nerves,were lower than control group (P＜0.01) ; while the scores on emotion and behavior control were higher than the control group with minor difference (P ＞ 0.05 ).The scores on interpersonal relationship sensitivity factor and SDS,SAS and GWB were positively correlated except for O factor of GWB.Conclusion The level of interpersonal relationship sensitivity has important influence on anxiety and depression emotion and subjective well-being in young adults epileptic patients.
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Objective To explore the risk factors of antidepressant treatment emergent suicidal ideas or attempted suicide among patients with bipolar depression. Methods Out of 623 patients with bipolar disorder visiting between June 2006 and June 2009,68 who was initially diagnosed as unipolar disorder and treated with antidepressants were retrospectively surveyed. Suicide and activation symptoms during the process of antidepressant treatment were estimated based on the cases record and semi-structural interviews. Unconditional bivariate logistic regression was conducted to analyze the potential risk factors. Results Of 68 patients,7 ( 10. 3% ) experienced antidepressant treatment emergent suicidal ideas and 4 ( 5.9% ) attempted suicide after 2 to 63 ( 17.45 ± 5.90 )days following the treatment. The antidepressant treatment emergent suicidal ideas or attempted suicide were related to the suicidal level before treatment (P= 0. 012, OR = 2. 072 ) and the combined use of benzodiazepine (P =0. 043, OR = 0.236). Clinical subtypes, gender, age, symptoms feature, types of antidepressant and antidepressanttreatment emergent activation symptoms had little impact on the antidepressant treatment emergent suicidal ideas orattempted suicide (P ＞ 0.05 ). Conclusion The antidepressant treatment emergent suicidal ideas or attempted suicide among patients with bipolar depression are positively related to the suicidal level before treatment while negatively associated with the combined use of benzodiazepine.
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Objective To explore the changes of the white matter integrity in paranoid schizophrenia.Methods Diffusion weighted images of the 19 patients' with paranoid schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls'whole brains were acquired with a single-shot echo planar imaging ( EPI ) sequence aligned to the straight axial plane. After preprocessed with DTI-studio and SPM5 software, the fractional anisotropy (FA) images of the two groups were compared by two-sample t-test with SPM5 software. Results Subjects of paranoid schizophrenia demonstrated reduced FA in the right thalamus white matter(x = 18 ,y = - 10,z = 14,cluster = 194, t= -3.27, P=0.000 ) and demonstrated increased FA in the right insula white matter ( x = 34, y = -10, z = 12, cluster = 113, t =4.50, P = 0.004 ). Conclusion Schizophrenia has conflicting changes of white matter integrity in some brain areas.